,REVIS$ ,HUMAN      #A
     ,EVOLU;N ,T1*+ ,KIT

,HAS "! "E BE5 A "T :5 Y ?"\
  AB :AT X WD 2 L 6SCURRY AL;G
  TREE BRAN*ES )! SQUIRRELS8
,H Y "E WOND]$ :AT X WD 2 L
  6TRY & WALK IF Y 7 A MONKEY8
,D Y "S"TS ?9K AB HAV+ A SUP]
  S5SITIVE NOSE L A DOG8
,:Y D Y ?9K T ! TEE? 9 YR M\?
  >E SMALL] & LESS PO9T$ ?AN A
  DOG'S8

  ,X TURNS \ SCI5TI/S :O /UDY
HUMANS1 CALL$ AN?ROPOLOGI/S1 H
BE5 ?9K+ AB ^! "QS =A L;G "T4
,X MI<T SEEM /RANGE AT F/1 B
AT DI6]5T /AGES 9 \R EVOLU;N>Y
HI/ORY1 \R "S ( \R ANCE/ORS
EXP]I;ED F/H& :AT X 0 L 6RUN
AL;G TREE BRAN*ES1 H A SUP]
S5SITIVE NOSE1 & 6WALK L A
MONKEY4 ,\R E>LIE/ ANCE/ORS1
CALL$ ,PLESIADAPIDS1 7 CLOSELY
RELAT$ 6ROD5TS & TREE       #B
%REWS & 7 ALM 9DIST+UI%A# F !
SQUIRRELS T RUN & *ATT] 9
TREES 9 ! PRES5T-"D ,UNIT$
,/ATES4
  ,^! TREE-DWELL+ DUDES DIDN'T
LOOK M* L PRIMATES ON !
\TSIDE1 B A CLOS] LOOK AT !
FOSSILS F ,COLORADO & ,WYOM+
GIVE !M AWAY Z LEMUR & MONKEY
ANCE/ORS4 ,PLESIADAPIDS EVOLV$
DUR+ ! ,CRETACE\S P]IOD1
EXT5D+ F #ADD-FF MILLION YE>S
AGO1 :5 D9OSAURS / RUL$ ! E>?4
,^! ANIMALS >E CLOSELY RELAT$
6AN E>LY PRIMATE1 NICK"ND ,IDA
4COV]$ 9 A CAVE 9 ,G]_M 9 !
E>LY #BJJJ;S4 ,AL? ,IDA
PROBABLY SP5T MO/ ( H] "T
RUNN+ AL;G TREE BRAN*ES L A
SQUIRREL1 %E _H OPPOSA# ?UMBS1
& B9OCUL> VI.N L A MONKEY4
,PRACTICE T\*+ YR ?UMB 6! PALM
( YR H&4 ,GIVE YRF A HI<-FIVE
-- Y 2L;G 6PRIMATES1 "O (!
ONLY ANIMAL GR\PS T C D     #C
T4 ,OPPOSA# ?UMBS GIVE U !
ABIL;Y 6PICK UP1 MANIPULATE1 &
FA%ION OBJECTS4 ,IDA PROBABLY
DIDN'T MAKE TOOLS1 B %E US$ H]
?UMBS 6GRAB ONTO TREE BRAN*ES
L A MOD]N MONKEY1 & PASS$ T
ABIL;Y ALL ! WAY D[N 6Y & ME4
  ,Z WE'VE M5;N$ S"EAL "TS 2F1
,IDA'S SKELETON LOOKS A LOT L
A SQUIRREL4 ,H[1 Y MAY WOND]1
C BIOLOGI/S 2 SURE %E'S \R
ANCE/OR & N J A PREHI/ORIC
SQUIRREL8 ,! ANSW]1 X TURNS \1
IS SORT ( -PLICAT$ B HAS A LOT
6D )A C>E;L ANALYSIS (! "PS (
ANIMALS T DON'T *ANGE4
  ,2F WE GET />T$1 Y'LL NE$ A
LL BIT ( AN 9TRODUC;N AB
SKULLS4 ,! SKULLS -E 9 TWO
PIECES4 ,! TOP "P1 ": ! BRA91
EYES1 & UPP] TEE? G IS CALL$ !
CRANIUM1 &! BOTTOM "P1 : IS
MADE (! L[] JAW & TEE? & IS
CALL$ ! M&I#4 ,PRACTICE PUTT+
! TWO "PS TGR S T ! TEE?    #D
-E TGR NATUR,Y4 ,X MI<T 2 BE/
6TRY ? F/ ON ! HUMAN SKULL 2C
Y C -P>E X 6YR [N SKULL4 ,!
BACK ( EA* M&I# 7! SIDE
OPPOSITE ! FRONT TEE?7 HAS A
PAIR ( ?9 PROJEC;NS T 5D 9
R.D$ SURFACES4 ,^! R.D$
SURFACES 3NECT )A PIT A LL 2H
! UPP] TEE? ON ! CRANIUM &
ALL[ ! ANIMAL 6*EW 0ROTAT+ AG/
! CRANIUM4













    ,PHYLOG5ETIC ,?9K+      #E
    ,ACTIV;Y
  ,PICK UP & FEEL ! SKULLS
LABEL$ ,A1 ;,B1 & ,C4 ,-P>E ^!
SKULLS1 & TRY 6DECIDE : "OS G
TGR4 ,TRY 6GR\P ! SKULLS 0!
RELAT$;S (! ANIMALS !Y CAME F
-- X MI<T 2 H>D 6FIGURE \ :
TRAITS CORRESPOND 6H[ !
ANIMALS >E RELAT$ 6EA* O!R & :
TRAITS CORRESPOND 6SIMIL>
LIFE/YLES 9 ! ANIMALS4 ,TRY
6GR\P ! SKULLS 9 S* A WAY T X
REFLECTS ! ANCE/RY (! ANIMALS1
:AT GAVE RISE 6:AT4 ,?9K ( X Z
BUILD+ A FAMILY TREE (!
ANIMALS4 ,"! MI<T 2 A GIRL AT
S*OOL )A VOICE T S.DS J L YR
SI/]1 B 9 ? ACTIV;Y Y WD GR\P
YR SI/] ) Y 9/1D ( H] S.D-
ALIKE 2C SIBL+S >E CLOSELY
RELAT$4 ,TRY & GR\P ! SKULLS
2F Y G ON 6! NEXT P>AGRAPH4


    ,?9K+ AB ,PHYLOG5Y      #F
  ,:AT ANIMALS D Y ?9K !
SKULLS 7 F8 ,TAKE "S GUESSES &
?9K AB :Y Y GUESS$ ^? ANIMALS
2F Y G ON4
  ,OK1 N[ ,I'LL TELL Y :AT !
SKULLS >E F4 ,SKULL ,A IS F A
H\SECAT1 ;,B F A RA2IT1 & ;,C
F A LIZ>D-L ANIMAL F ,NEW
,Z1L& CALL$ A TUAT>A4 ,IF Y
GR\P$ ,A & ;,C TGR 7H\SECAT &
TUAT>A71 Y MI<T H BE5 TRICK$
0"S (! SUP]FICIAL SIMIL>ITIES
2T ! SKULLS4 ,BO? SKULLS H A
L;G R[ ( TEE? & SIMIL> OV]ALL
%APES4 ,IF Y PUT ;,B & ;,C
TGR1 Y MI<T H 3SID]$ ! L>GE
TEE? 9 ! FRONT (! SKULL1 !
SIDE-FAC+ EYE OP5+S1 OR !
RELATIVELY SMALL JAW B"O4
  ,"S ( ^! TRAITS REFLECT
ADAPT,NS 6EA* ANIMAL'S WAY (
LIFE1 N %>$ ANCE/RY4 ,!
RA2IT'S TEE? >E DI6]5T F ^? (!
O!R ANIMALS 2C !Y >E
SPECIALIZ$ 6GNAW ON H1VY    #G
PLANT MAT]IAL ) _! FRONT TEE?
& GR9D X UP ) _! BACK TEE?4 ,!
RA2IT AL HAS EYES & NO/RILS T
PO9T WAY \ 6! SIDE 6HELP X
SPOT PR$ATORS ALL >.D :ILE X
IS EAT+ OR RE/+4 ,9 ORD] 6F9D
\ H[ ANIMALS >E RELAT$
EVOLU;N>ILY1 DESPITE _! CURR5T
ADAPT,NS1 WE NE$ 6FOCUS ON
TRAITS T DON'T REFLECT REC5T
ADAPTIVE *ANGES4
  ,N[ FEEL ! "P (! SKULL ": !
BRA9 WD G 9 EA* ANIMAL -- 2H !
EYE4 ,9 ! CAT &! RA2IT "! IS
ONLY "O HOLE -- CALL$ A
TEMPORAL F5E/RA 7F5E/RA M1NS
W9D[ 9 ,LAT91 &! W9D[ IS 9 !
TEMPORAL B"O71 B 9 ! TUAT>A "!
>E TWO4 ,! CASE ( HAV+ "O
TEMPORAL F5E/RA 9/1D ( TWO IS
N LIKELY 6BE ! SUBJECT (
SELEC;N -- 9 ALM ALL CASES !
PATT]N ( OP5+ 9 ! SIDE ( YR
SKULL IS N IMPORTANT
6SURVIVAL4 ,Z A RESULT1 ?   #H
TRAIT W LIKELY 2 3S]V$ 9
EVOLU;N1 TELL+ SCI5TI/S M AB
:O'S RELAT$ 6:OM ?AN :AT _!
LIFE/YLE IS L4 ,S N[ WE H \R
ANSW] -- ! RA2IT &! BOBCAT >E
M CLOSELY RELAT$ 6EA* O!R ?AN
EI U 6! TUAT>A4 ,DID Y F9D ?
SORT ( 3FUS+8 ,DON'T WORRY --
A LOT ( V SM>T SCI5TI/S H BE5
>GU+ AB ! REL,N%IPS ( LIV+ &
EXT9CT ANIMALS = HUNDR$S (
YE>S4
  ,6BETT] "U/& H[ SCI5TI/S
GR\P ANIMALS1 LET'S TALK AB
C>S4 ,IMAG9E Y 5C.T] F\R
VEHICLES 9 A P>K+ LOT -- TWO
TRUCKS1 & TWO -PACT C>S4 ,Y "K
TWO (! C>S 7 PRODUC$ 9 !
,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 & TWO 9 !
,UNIT$ ,K+DOM4 ,X MI<T 2
TEMPT+ 6SU7E/ T BO? TRUCKS 7
PRODUC$ 0! SAME -PANY1 2C !Y D
SIMIL> ?+S4 ,B Y C F9D TRUCKS
& -PACT C>S 9 BO? ! ,UNIT$
,/ATES & ,5GL&1 Z P WANT    #I
6DRIVE ^! C>S ALL >.D ! _W4
,IF Y EXAM9$ ! /E]+ :EEL1
H["E1 Y CD IMMLY TELL : C>
CAME F ":3 ! ,5GLI% DRIVE ON !
LEFT SIDE (! ROAD & H /E]+
:EELS ON ! "R H& SIDE (! C>4
,9 3TRA/1 ,AM]ICANS DRIVE ON !
"R & H /E]+ :EELS ON ! LEFT
SIDE4 ,: SIDE ! /E]+ :EEL IS
ON RE,Y DOESN'T MATT] -- BO?
TRUCKS & C>S W GET Y ": Y WANT
6G1 B X DOES TELL Y AB ! C>'S
ORIG94 ,J L H[ ! SIDE (! /E]+
:EEL 9=MS Y Z 6! ORIG9 (! C>1
! NUMB] ( TEMPORAL F5E/RAE &
O!R IMPORTANT TRAITS C TELL Y
AB ! ORIG9 & GR\P+ ( ANIMALS4
,BIOLOGI/S CALL ^! K9DS (
TRAITS ..HOMOLOGIES1 TRAITS T
>E PRES5T 9 BO? ORGANISM'S
-MON .ANCE/OR1 & DEP5D ON !M =
CLASSIFIC,N4 ,C Y ?9K ( ANO!R
EXAMPLE (A -MON HOMOLOGY8

    ,?9K+ ,AB ,DI6]5T      #AJ
    ,TYPES ( ,LOCOMO;N
  ,AL"R1 BACK 6E>LY PRIMATES4
,?9K AB :AT X WD 2 L 6RUN AL;G
TREE BRAN*ES1 UP & D[N TREE
TRUNKS1 & HANG F ! 5DS (
BRAN*ES L ,IDA4 ,:AT SORT (
*.ES 9 YR BODY WD MAKE T
EASI]8 ,WD YR H&S 2 USE;L8
,:AT AB YR FEET8 ,IF Y EXAM9E
! TOY SQUIRREL1 Y'LL NOTICE T
XS >MS & LEGS >E ALM ! SAME
L5G? -- >E YRS L T8 ,HUMANS H
L;G] LEGS ?AN >MS CAUS+ U 6B5D
\R KNEES AWKW>DLY :5 WE TRY
CLIMB UP A TREE L A MONKEY4
,\R H&S >E / PRETTY G5]ALIZ$
-- !Y'RE N TOO SPECIALIZ$ =
ANY "O "PICUL> FUNC;N1 B \R
FEET >E SUP] FLAT & 9FLEXI#4
,:Y D Y ?9K WE'RE ADAPT$ 6H S*
9FLEXI# SOLES & L;G] LEGS8
  ,MOD]N PRIMATES GET >.D 9 _M
DI6]5T WAYS -- LET'S TRY !M \6
  ,_M PRIMATES GET >.D
0T]RE/RIAL                 #AA
QUADRAP$ALISM1 M1N+ T !Y WALK
>.D ON ! GR.D US+ _! H&S &
FEET TGR4 ,MONKEYS USE
PLANTIGRADE LOCOMO;N1 WALK+ ON
! FLAT PALMS & F+]S ( _! H&S1
M* L A BE>4 ,LET'S TRY X \ --
TRY & MOVE >.D ! ROOM :ILE
KEEP+ YR FEET & PALMS FLAT ON
! FLOOR -- Y MAY WANT 6REMOVE
YR %OES F/4 ,PAY ATT5;N 6H[
E6ICI5T ? IS1 & ": DI6]5T "PS
( YR BODY >E ORI5T$ Z Y
PROCE$4 7WALK74 ,H[ DID T
FEEL8 ,DID Y NOTICE T YR BACK
0 AT A FUNNY ANGLE & YR >MS 7
3/ANTLY TRY+ 6CAT* UP 6YR
LEGS8 ,:Y D Y ?9K MONKEYS C
GET >.D EASILY ? WAY & Y C'T8
  ,MONKEYS T LIVE 9 TREES AL
WALK ON ALL F\RS1 B USE _!
FEET & H&S 6GRIP BRAN*ES 9/1D
( HOLD+ !M FLAT ON ! GR.D4 ,IF
Y TRI$ 6CLIMB A TREE1 Y'D F9D
YR H&S 6BE M* M USE;L ?AN YR
FEET 2C HUMANS H EVOLV$    #AB
A HI<LY 9FLEXI# FOOT4 ,X'S
T]RIFIC = HI<-E6ICI5CY TWO-
LE7$ WALK+1 B X C'T B5D 6GRAB
TREE BRAN*ES OR FLEX 9W>DS AT
! ANKLE 6MAKE CLIMB+ UP A
TRUNK ANY EASI]4 ,9 A4I;N1 !
MONKEYS ( ,S\? ,AM]ICA H A
SPECIAL ADAPT,N T HELPS !M GET
>.D ! TREES EV5 M EASILY4 ,C Y
?9K ( :AT X IS8 ,X TURNS \ ^!
MONKEYS C USE _! TAIL Z A FIF?
LIMB1 WRAPP+ X >.D BRAN*ES &
EV5 HANG+ F X1 ALL[+ !M 6GET
>.D FA/] & R1* FRUITS T >E
SORT ( \ (! WAY4
  ,GORILLAS & *IMPANZEES GET
>.D SLI<TLY DI6]5TLY4 ,!Y AL
WALK ON ALL F\RS1 B _!
KNUCKLES 3TACT ! SURFACE 9/1D
( _! PALMS4 ,TRY WALK+ ON ALL
F\RS AG1 B ? "T B5D YR H& 96A
HALF-F/ F/1 S T ! BACKS ( YR
F+]S T\* ! GR.D1 B N ! BACK (
YR H&4 ,DOES ? "W ANY BETT]8
,:Y D Y ?9K *IMPANZEES &   #AC
GORILLAS KNUCKLE WALK L ?8
  ,6LOOK = ANSW]S1 LET'S
PRET5D 6BE PRIMATOLOGI/S &
DIRECTLY -P>E ! B"OS 9 ! FEET
( HUMANS & *IMPANZEES4 ,PICK
UP ! TWO FEET & TRY 6-P>E !M Z
BE/ Y C4 ,:AT >E ! MAJOR
DI6];ES Y NOTICE8 ,:AT C Y
TELL AB ! L5G?1 ANGLE1
CURVATURE1 & POSI;N (! TOES8
,:AT AB ! POSI;N ( B"OS 9 !
ANKLE8
  ,! NEXT K9D ( LOCOMO;N1
CALL$ BRA*I,N1 A =M ( >BOR1L
LOCOMO;N 9 : ANIMALS SW+ F
TREE 6TREE US+ _! >MS1 IS
TOT,Y DI6]5T F ! O!R TWO1 & IS
ESS5TI,Y ! SAME Z :AT HUMANS D
ON ! MONKEY B>S ON ! PLAYGR.D4
,0SW++ F BRAN* 6BRAN* ) _!
GRIP-R1DY PRIMATE H&S1 ^!
PRIMATES C A*IEVE T]RIFIC SPE$
HI< ABV ! GR.D1 UP 6#CD MILES
P] H\R6 ,DON'T TRY 6G ? FA/ ON
! JUNGLE GYM1 ?\< --       #AD
MONKEYS NE$ SPECIALIZ$ %\LD]
JO9TS & EXTREMELY L;G >MS
6A*IEVE ^! SPE$S4
  ,:Y D Y ?9K HUMANS EVOLV$
BIP$AL LOCOMO;N 9/1D ( US+ "O
(! O!R WAYS PRIMATES GET >.D8


















    ,?9K+ AB DI6]5T        #AE
    TYPES ( S5SORY 9=M,N
  ,AF ,IDA &! ,PLESIADAPIDS1 !
NEXT L>GE GR\P ( ANIMALS
CLOSELY RELAT$ 6Y & ME >E !
LEMURS4 ,^! ANIMALS1 AL "KN Z
/REPSIRRH9ES 7S "ND 2C !Y H
WET NOSES1 L A DOG71 CURR5TLY
LIVE ALM EXCLUSIVELY ON ! ISL&
( ,MADAGASC>1 (F ! COA/ (
S\?EA/ ,AFRICA4 ,ALL O!R
MONKEYS & APES ALIVE TD 2L;G
6! HAPLORH9ES 7HAV+ DRY
NOSES74

    ,S5SORY ,SKULL ,ANALYSIS
    ,ACTIV;Y
  ,9 ! BOX Y W F9D A MODEL (A
R+-TAIL$ LEMUR1 A LEMUR F
,MADAGASC>1 &A MODEL (A ,V]VET
MONKEY1 A HAPLORH9ES MONKEY F
MA9L& ,AFRICA4 ,FAMILI>IZE YRF
)! %APES ( ^! ANIMALS1 & !N
PICK UP ! SKULLS & SEE :AT
DI6];ES & SIMIL>ITIES Y
NOTICE4                    #AF
  ,F/ (F1 FEEL+ >.D ! EYE
SOCKET ( BO? ANIMALS1 Y'LL
NOTICE T ! SKULL WALLS (F !
EYE SOCKET -PLETELY 9 !
MONKEY1 B ONLY =MS A ?9 B> 2H
! ORBIT 9 ! LEMUR4 ,:Y D Y ?9K
? IS8
  ,SCI5TI/S ?9K T ! BONY B> OR
WALL1 CALL$ PO/-ORBITAL
CLOSURE 2C X CLOSES (F ! EYE
REGION 2H ! EYE XF1 S]VE
6PROTECT ! EYE & /ABILIZE X
DUR+ *EW+1 & RAPID H1D MOVE;T4
,9 MAMMALS )\T PO/ ORBITAL
CLOSURE1 ! EYE MOVES UP & D[N
)9 ! SKULL DUR+ *EW+ & L1P+4
,9 A4I;N1 Z ! EYES />T+ MOV+
=W>D 9 ! H1D 6SUPPORT B9OCUL>
VI.N1 ! BACK (! EYES 2CAME M
EXPOS$ 2C !Y 7 N PO9T$ T[>DS !
9SIDE (! SKULL ANYMORE4 ,?US1
6PROTECT 9CR1S+LY =W>D-FAC+
EYES1 ! EVOLU;N ( PO/ ORBITAL
CLOSURE 2CAME NEC4 ,:AT DOES X
M1N T MONKEYS H A HI<]     #AG
DEGREE ( PO/ ORBITAL CLOSURE
?AN LEMURS8
  ,! NEXT OBVI\S DI6];E HAS 6D
)! %APE (! FACE4 ,LEMURS H A
L;G MUZZLE1 EXT5D+ /RAI<T \ (!
SKULL L A DOG ":AS MONKEY
FACES >E %ORT]1 )! M\? ANGL$
D[N & -PRESS$ 96! FACE4 ,-P>$
6A DOG1 ! LEMUR AG SEEMS L A
H&Y 9T]M$IATE 2T ! MONKEY &
O!R MAMMALS4 ,? IS IMPORTANT
2C ! L;G MUZZLE (! DOG & LEMUR
PROVIDE A GRT D1L ( ROOM =
NASAL TURB9ATES1 IMPORTANT 9 !
MAMMALIAN S5SE ( SMELL4 ,AT !
SAME "T1 H["E1 ! MUZZLE BLOCKS
! FIELD ( VI.N F ! EYES1 &
PREV5TS ! USE ( B9OCUL> VI.N 9
A L>GE P]C5TAGE (! FIELD (
VIEW4 ,A %IFT 6A %ORT] FACE &A
HI<] DEGREE ( PO/ ORBITAL
CLOSURE1 !N1 REPRES5TS A %IFT
( IMPORT.E (! S5SES -- MONKEYS
RELY M* M ON _! VI.N & M* LESS
ON _! SMELL ?AN LEMURS4    #AH
,? AL TIES 9 )! %APE (! NOSE
-- LEMURS / H WET NOSES1 : "W
M* BETT] ?AN DRY NOSES =
SMELL+4
  ,-P>E ! G5]AL %APE ( YR [N
SKULL 6! TWO PRIMATE SKULLS4
,:AT TR5D D Y NOTICE8

















    ,?9K+ AB TEE?          #AI
  ,REMEMB] T ,I TOLD Y T ! R+-
TAIL$ LEMUR IS CLOSELY RELAT$
6Y -- X MAY EV5 2 Q SIMIL> 6YR
DIRECT ANCE/OR4 ,DOES ! LEMUR
SKULL SEEM L A HUMAN SKULL8
,"! >E OBVI\SLY A LOT (
DI6];ES1 B LET'S FOCUS ON !
TEE? = N[4 ,2C TEE? >E !
PRIM>Y WAY 9 : ANIMALS 9T]ACT
) _! FOOD1 ! %APE & TYPE (
TEE? C TELL BIOLOGI/S A LOT AB
:AT AN ANIMAL IS L4 ,N[ WE'LL
EXAM9E ! D5TI;N (! LEMUR1 A
,*ACMA BABOON1 & HUMANS 6TRY &
DET]M9E : ANIMALS >E MO/
CLOSELY RELAT$4
  ,IF Y FEEL ! LEMURS JAW1
Y'LL NOTICE T !Y H "O BIG
FANG-L TOO? ON EA* SIDE (!
UPP] & L[] M\?4 ,FEEL YR [N
M\? & TRY 6F9D ! SAME TOO? --
Y H "O1 B X'S SMALL] & LESS
PO9T$4 ,^! TEE?1 CALL$ CAN9ES1
>E US$ 9 _M MAMMALS 6GRAB ONTO
PREY1 L A WOLF DRA7+ A     #BJ
DE] D[N 0! M\?4 ,9 PRIMATES1
^! TEE? >E 9/1D PRIM>ILY US$ =
4PLAY1 & >E SEXU,Y DIMORPHIC1
M1N+ T ! SIZE DI6]S 2T !
SEXES4 ,PICK UP ! BABOON SKULL
& FEEL ! CAN9E TEE?4 ,:AT D Y
NOTICE AB !M8 ,Y %D H R1LIZ$
-- !Y'RE HUGE6 ,! CAN9E TEE? 9
^! BABOONS >E US$ 9
ANTAGONI/IC 4PLAYS 2T MALES --
! FEMALES 9/1D H V LL CAN9E
DEVELOP;T &! SKULLS 9 G5]AL >E
LESS ROBU/4 ,9 ! BABOON SKULL
NOTICE AL ! HUGE FURR[S ABV !
JAW T FOLL[ ! CAN9E TEE? UP
T[>DS ! EYE4 ,^! TEE? >E S
HUGE T ! ANIMAL NE$S ROBU/
BRAC+ 9 ! SKULL 6SUPPORT L"E
=CES ACT+ ON ! CAN9ES4 ,FEEL
2T YR NOSE & YR CAN9E TEE? &
Y'LL AL NOTICE ^! FURR[S1 B
!Y'RE A LOT SMALL] J Z YR
CAN9E TEE? >E SMALL]4
  ,9 ! FRONT (! M\?1 Y'LL F9D
FLAT 9CISORS 9 E           #BA
SPECIES4 ,9 PRIMATES1 ^! TEE?
>E US$ 6GRASP FOOD & PULL X
96! M\?1 Z 9 :5 Y USE YR FRONT
TEE? 6BITE 96AN APPLE4 ,EXAM9E
! 9CISORS ON ! BOTTOM JAW (!
LEMUR4 ,D Y NOTICE "S?+
SPECIAL8 ,! TEE? >E PO9T$
DIRECTLY \ 9 FRONT (! ANIMAL &
MAKE A FLAT %ELF -- L A -B4
,:AT D Y ?9K ? IS US$ =8
  ,X TURNS \ T LEMURS USE ?
8TOO? -B0 9 SELF-GROOM+1 L A
H\SECAT USES XS T;GUE4 ,2C
LEMURS EAT MO/LY S(T FRUIT1 !Y
DON'T NE$ ROBU/ 9CISORS 6RIP
FLE% (F ( C>CASSES OR PLANTS1
& C AF=D 6H ^! SPECIALIZ$
FRONT TEE?4 ,N[ FEEL YR
9CISORS1 &! 9CISORS (! BABOON4
,:AT DI6];ES & SIMIL>ITIES D Y
NOTICE8 ,9 G5]AL =M1 ! 9CISORS
( BO? ANIMALS >E SIMIL>1 )!
BABOON'S TEE? 2+ M* M ROBU/
?AN YR [N4 ,:Y D Y ?9K ? IS8
,:AT IS X AB ! DIET (A     #BB
BABOON V]SUS A HUMAN T
REQUIRES M* BI7] & /R;G] TEE?
9 ! MONKEY8 ,! ANSW] IS
PROBABLY COOK+ & TOOL USE4
,HUMANS LIKELY />T$ US+ FIRE =
COOK+ >.D #ABE1JJJ YE>S AGO1
5ABL+ !M 6N ONLY EXTRACT M
5]GY \ ( _! FOOD1 B AL 6S(T5 !
FOOD 2F *EW+4 ,9 A4I;N1 P AL
USE %>P TOOLS 6CUT UP FOODS 2F
EAT+ !M4 ,HUMANS "!=E NE$
69VE/ FEW] RES\RCES 9 /R;G
TEE? 6GR9D UP RU7$ M1T & PLANT
FOODS4
  ,! TEE? 9 ! BACK ( YR M\?1
MOL>S1 >E AL F.D 9 ALL ( ^!
ANIMALS4 ,FEEL ! BACK TEE? &
TRY 6DECIDE H[ !Y >E ! SAME &
DI6]5T4 ,:AT DID Y NOTICE8
,DID Y DECIDE T AG1 T ! HUMAN
TEE? >E ! MO/ REDUC$ 9 BO?
SIZE & -PLEX;Y8 ,MO/
AN?ROPOLOGI/S WD AGREE1 AL
NOT+ T ! LEMUR _H Q PO9T$
MOL>S4 ,MOL>S >E FLAT      #BC
TEE? ) MULTIPLE CUSPS US$ =
GR9D+ FOOD -- Y USE ! TEE? 9 !
BACK ( YR M\? 6*EW VEGETA#S &
BR1D 2F SWALL[+4 ,X MAKES S5SE
T LEMURS H PO9T$ MOL>S -- _!
DIET ( FRUIT DOESN'T 9CLUDE M*
GR9D+1 &! PO9T$ MOL>S HELP !M
6SLICE FRUIT 96$I# PIECES4
,HUMANS >E BORN ) ?REE MOL>S 9
EA* "P (! M\?1 B ! \T] "OS >E
(T5 REMOV$ Z 8WISDOM TEE?10 &
DON'T ERUPT \ (! GUM UNTIL ALM
FULL ADULTHOOD4 ,C Y ?9K (A
R1SON = S* LATE DEVELOP;T 9
HUMAN MOL> TEE?8
  ,F9,Y1 "! >E "S 9T]M$IATE
TEE? 9 2T ! CAN9ES &! MOL>S4
,2C !Y -E 2F ! MOL>S1 SCI5TI/S
CALL !M PREMOL>S & !Y S]VE
6PROCESS FOOD = *EW+ 0! MOL>S4
,D Y NOTICE ANY?+ /RANGE AB !
LEMUR'S PREMOL>S8 ,F/ (F1 Y %D
2 A# 6TELL T !Y >E AG UNUSU,Y
PO9T$ & ADAPT$ 6A DIET (
FRUIT4 ,SECOND1 ! LEMUR    #BD
HAS ?REE ( ^! TEE? ON EA* SIDE
( XS M\?6 ,IF Y LOOK C>E;LLY
Y'LL NOTE T ! BABOON ONLY HAS
TWO1 J L YRF4
  ,NEXT1 LET'S C.T ! NUMB] (
TEE? ON ! TOP 9 YR [N M\?1 !
BABOON1 &! LEMUR4 ,IF Y'RE
C>E;L Y'LL NOTICE #AH TEE? 9 !
LEMUR1 #AF 9 ! BABOON1 & "S":
UP 6#AF 9 YR [N M\?4 ,! DI6];E
IS 2C (! PREMOL>S -- ! LEMUR
HAS #C 9 EA* SEC;N ( XS M\?
":AS HUMANS & BABOONS ONLY
TWO4 ,SUMM+ UP ALL ! 9=M,N
WE'VE COLLECT$ AB ! TEE?1 C Y
MAKE A HYPO!SIS AB : TWO (!
?REE PRIMATES >E ! MO/ CLOSELY
RELAT$8
  ,X TURNS \ T BABOONS &
HUMANS >E BO? ,AN?ROPOIDS1 M
CLOSELY RELAT$ 6EA* O!R ?AN EI
>E 6! LEMUR1 Z Y C EASILY TELL
F ! TEE?4 ,! LEMUR IS ! ONLY
SPECIES ) C]TA9 PRIMITIVE
TRAITS 9CLUD+ ! 9CISOR     #BE
TOO? -B1 ! PRES;E (A ?IRD
PREMOL>1 HI<LY PO9T$ MOL>S &
PREMOL>S4 ,LEMURS & BABOONS
BO? / H L>GE CAN9ES1 H["E1 Z ?
TRAIT IS LO/ 2T ! EVOLU;N (
BABOONS & HUMANS4

    ,BRA9 ,SIZE & ,COGNI;N
  ,LET'S TAKE A LOOK AT "O M
(! F1TURES ON ^! SKULLS4 ,"O
(! F/ DI6];ES SCI5TI/S NOTIC$
2T DI6]5T SPECIES ( PRIMATES 0
BRA9 SIZE4 ,-P>E ! LEMUR SKULL
)! BOBCAT SKULL &! LIZ>D
SKULL4 ,! BIG R.D$ PROTUB].ES
9 ! BACK (! LEMUR & BOBCAT
SKULLS >E ! BRA9CASES -- !
BONY SPH]E T 5CASES & PROTECTS
! BRA94 ,TRY & F9D ? 9 ! LIZ>D
7H9T3 Y MAY H 6FEEL "? !
TEMPORAL F5E/RAE74
  ,DID Y F9D X8 ,Y MI<T H
R1LIZ$ F YR SE>* T MAMMALS H
M* L>G] BRA9S RELATIVE 6! :OLE
SKULL SIZE ?AN REPTILES4   #BF
,N[1 -P>E ! BOBCAT ) ALL (!
PRIMATE SKULLS 7LEMUR1 MONKEY1
BABOON1 & HUMAN74 ,:AT D Y
NOTICE8
  ,MAYBE Y 7 A# 6TELL T
PRIMATES1 ESPECI,Y MONKEYS &
APES1 H RELATIVELY L>G] BRA9S
?AN O!R MAMMALS4 ,? IS TAK5 6!
FULLE/ EXTREME 9 HUMANS1 : H
SPH]ICAL BRA9CASES T TOT,Y
DOM9ATE ! SKULL4 ,BRA9 SIZE IS
RELAT$ 69TELLIG;E -- ANIMALS )
M BRA9 P] TOTAL BODY WEI<T >E
G5],Y SM>T]4 ,:Y D Y ?9K
HUMANS1 & PRIMATES 9 G5]AL H
RELATIVELY BI7] BRA9S ?AN O!R
ANIMALS8 ,C Y ?9K ( ANY O!R
UNIQUE F1TURES ( PRIMATES T WD
G AL;G ) BI7] BRA9S8





    ,! ,PA? 6,MOD]N        #BG
    ,HUMANS
  ,F9D ! SKULL LABEL$ .,HOMO
.ERECTUS4 ,? IS ! SKULL ( AN
ANIMAL T LIV$ 9 ,EURASIA &
,AFRICA F R\<LY #A.I MILLION
6#AEJ1JJJ YE>S AGO1 AN E>LY
HOM9ID T RESEM#S "S ( \R E>LY
ANCE/ORS4 ,) :AT Y'VE LE>N$ S
F>1 TRY & DET]M9E Z M* Z Y C
AB ? ANIMAL F XS SKULL4
,REMEMB] 6?9K AB :AT X MAY H
EAT51 & H[ X WD H LE>N$ AB !
5VIRON;T4
  ,?9K AB YR OBS]V,NS4 ,9 :
WAYS IS ? SKULL SIMIL> 6A
MOD]N HUMAN8 ,9 : WAYS IS X
SIMIL> 6O!R PRIMATES1 S* Z !
LEMUR1 MONKEY1 OR BABOON8
,SCI5TI/S C USE ^! OBS]V,NS
6DET]M9E : F1TURES ( MOD]N
HUMANS EVOLV$ F/4 ,= EXAMPLE1
2C ! .,HOMO .ERECTUS SKULL HAS
A REDUC$ SN\T1 B / A
RELATIVELY FLAT BRA9CASE1 WE
"K T ! SWIT* 6VI.N-        #BH
DOM9AT$ S5S,N O3URR$ 2F !
DEVELOP;T ( MOD]N COGNI;N4 ,9
O!R ^WS1 E>LY HOM9IDS CD
PROBABLY SEE & SMELL L MOD]N
HUMANS 2F !Y CD ?9K L !M4
,SP5D A FEW M9UTES & TRY &
DET]M9E ALL Y C AB HUMAN
EVOLU;N F ! SKULLS4
  ,:5 Y'RE "? ?9K+ AB ?1 PICK
UP ! #AA;X#AG TEXTUR$
PHYLOG5Y4 ,TAKE A FEW M9UTES
6GET A S5SE = :AT ! DIAGRAM IS
L -- NOTE ! ANIMAL "NS &! %APE
(! TREE4 ,? IS A DIAGRAM
REPRES5T+ H[ ! ANIMALS 9 ? KIT
>E RELAT$ & EVOLV$4 ,EA*
CIRCLE ON ! TREE1 CALL$ A
NODE1 REPRES5TS A BRAN*+ PO9T
2T TWO GR\PS ( ANIMALS4 ,=
EXAMPLE1 ! CIRCLE 2T ! BOBCAT
&! RA2IT REPRES5TS "S ANIMAL T
0 A -MON ANCE/OR (A RA2IT &A
BOBCAT4 ,IF ? 0 A FAMILY TREE
( YRF & YR SI/]1 ! NODE 3NECT+
!N WD 2 YR P>5TS4 ,) ?     #BI
9=M,N1 USE ! PHYLOG5Y 6LE>N :
ANIMALS >E MO/ CLOSELY RELAT$4
,:AT SPECIES IS MO/ RELAT$
6MOD]N HUMANS1 .,HOMO .SAPI5S8
  ,AF Y'VE 2COME -=TA# )!
PHYLOG5Y1 USE X 6REVIEW :AT
Y'VE LE>N$ AB SKULLS &
EVOLU;N4 ,TRY & ?9K (A MAJOR
/EP 9 SKULL EVOLU;N AT EA*
/EP4 ,= EXAMPLE1 AT ! NODE ":
! RA2IT & BOBCAT >E 3NECT$1
SKULLS DEVELOP$ ONLY "O
PO/ORBITAL F5E/RA4 ,NOTE T ALL
(! SKULLS ABV ? NODE ON ! TREE
AL H ? "* -- X GOT PASS$ D[N
AL;G ! WAY4 ,TRY & D ? = EA*
NODE4 ,H[ DOES ! PHYLOG5Y HELP
Y 6"U/& H[ SKULLS H *ANG$ F
LIZ>DS ALL ! WAY 6HUMANS8

    ,SUMM>Y
  ,9 ! FOLL[+ ACTIVITIES WE'VE
LE>N$ A LOT AB ! CLASSIFIC,N (
ANIMALS &! SIMIL>ITIES &
DI6];ES AM;G/ PRIMATES &   #CJ
HUMANS4 ,F/1 WE LE>N$ H[
TRICKY X IS 6F9D ! "R "*S 6USE
:5 TRY+ 6FIGURE \ H[ ANIMALS
>E RELAT$ -- X'S EASY 6"U/& H[
MO/ "TS A NEW FOSSIL ANIMAL IS
4COV]$ "! IS A L;G P]IOD (
>GU+ 2F SCI5TI/S DECIDE ": X
2L;GS 9 ! FAMILY TREE4
  ,NEXT1 WE LE>N$ AB ! DI6]5T
K9DS ( LOCOMO;N US$ 0DI6]5T
PRIMATES4 ,C Y REMEMB] :AT !Y
>E8 ,:Y D Y ?9K HUMANS >E !
ONLY PRIMATES T WALK UP"R8 ,!N
WE ACT$ L DETECTIVES1 US+ !
SKULLS ( PRIMATES 6DEDUCE ?+S
AB _! LIFE/YLES4 ,C Y REMEMB]
:AT ! RELATIVE L5G? (! SN\T
M1NS AB :AT K9D ( S5SES !
ANIMAL USES8 ,:AT AB ! DI6]5T
K9DS ( TEE?8 ,F9,Y1 :AT C Y
SAY AB ! EVOLU;N>Y PRESSURES T
CAUS$ HUMANS 6BE S DI6]5T 9
%APE F \R -MON ANCE/ORS8